Loewenstein discusses some of the changing concepts of transference. The role of theories of aggression and of repetition compulsion are examined in relation to transference. Negative transference is not equivalent to 'resistance', just as positive transference is not equivalent to 'therapeutic alliance'. The author wishes to limit the concept of transference, differentiating it from similar phenomena occurring outside the analytic situation, and also from 'externalization' in which 'the person of the analyst is used to represent one or the other part of the patient's personality structure'.