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In evaluating difficulties in the path of psychoanalysis, Miss Freud follows her father's precedent. However, as her subtitle indicates, she believes that now the main difficulties result from divergences among psychoanalysts themselves, not from outside resistances as was true in the past. That is not to say that external difficulties have vanished. Rather
they have changed, and now they are more in the nature of seductive pressures toward conformity and conventional academic standards with the accompanying threat to the unique features of psychoanalysis.
In regard to clinical work, Miss Freud conceptualizes two general trends. One, with which she identifies herself, is the analysis of the defenses and of the ego. She does not believe that this required a major technical change and, particularly, does not place great weight on either the introduction of the structural model or on Hartmann's work which, she points out, was not intended to influence practice directly.
A second trend is radically different and not in accord with her views. This trend is based on the assertion of a number of analysts that they can analyze the events of the first year of life. Going beyond Freud's discovery that a neurosis in an adult was preceded by an infantile neurosis (that is, in childhood), they claim that this infantile neurosis, itself, is preceded by fateful interactions between the mother and infant in the first weeks of life, and that it is this archaic, preverbal phase which has to be revived in the transference and analyzed before the later infantile neurosis can be approached effectively.
This approach goes beyond the area of intrapsychic conflict 'which had always been the legitimate target for psychoanalysis and into the darker area of interaction between innate endowment and environmental influence' (p. 39). Memory cannot reach these early experiences, and repetition and re-enactment must replace remembering. The argument that the analyst-patient relationship re