Shame and guilt both reflect superego functioning but they differ phenomenologically and dynamically. Women tend to be 'field dependent' and prone to shame while men tend to be 'field independent' and prone to guilt. Shame relates more to the sexual drive, is connected with awe and unrequited love, is frequently associated with autonomic activity, and is experienced in terms of an ideal other. Guilt relates to the value system and is connected with silently functioning, internalized, threatening figures. In shame, the self is passive; in guilt, active. Shame and mortification as well as guilt are implicated in neurotogenesis.