This is a disagreeable paper for those who feel that respect for patients is a necessary concomitant of the process of psychotherapy. The author summarizes the various learning theory approaches to behavior modification currently contemplated. These include classical conditioning, aversive suppression, observational learning, operant conditioning, and electronic monitoring. Of these only

classical conditioning in its application to alcoholism and homosexuality has produced statistically significant results. In one study, fifty-one per cent of more than four thousand alcoholic patients were abstinent from two to five years following conditioning. With regard to homosexuality, approximately forty to sixty per cent of patients so treated showed some improvement during follow-up periods of one year or longer. The author presents the argument that electronic monitoring of criminals can decrease the necessity for prisons. The monitoring systems have been used in connection with classical conditioning techniques.