Much of this article is devoted to the author's views on the distinction between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. He states that a trusting, nondefensive relationship is necessary for successful analysis; since this does not 'develop' in the majority of patients with neurotic and character disorders, formal analysis is not possible. There is no mention of the analysis of defenses. Psychotherapy, he states, cannot expect to reach the unconscious in any meaningful way; we should therefore give up the notion of interpretations in psychotherapy and make wider use of advice, guidance, and counseling. This approach, Marcus feels, would be more honest and more respectful of the patient than 'interpretations' that are designed to manipulate or to deal with unconscious wishes in a way that mythologizes rather than uncovers them.