The authors reared monkeys in isolation chambers, separating them from their mothers shortly after birth. This produces social, locomotor, and exploratory 'dysbehaviors' described as 'autistic'. Six-month-old isolates were then exposed to 'therapist' monkeys who had been reared with heated maternal surrogates and exposed to peer play for two hours daily in infancy. These animals showed much social clinging behavior. Within a few weeks of social interaction between the two groups, the isolates were responding socially and by one year of age could hardly be distinguished from nonisolates. While cautioning against drawing conclusions regarding human behavior from animal data, the authors suggest parallels to the important role of object relations in the pathogenesis of depressive and autistic states, and to the role of transference and basic object relationships in the therapeutic alliance in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.