The authors point out that Freud defined narcissism as the state in which libido is located in the self. This concept was based on observations of schizophrenia, hypochondriasis, organic disease, overestimation of children by their parents, and individuals who create their ego ideal. The Garmas then proceed in a very methodical way to the main point of the paper, the individual's masochistic submission to the superego while renouncing heterosexuality. This concept is opposed to Freud's view of the withdrawal of the libido from the object in megalomania as well as in other narcissistic conditions. These theoretical concepts, rather than being contradictory, may well be complementary structural viewpoints.