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The author criticizes the interaction theory of deviant behavior (the so-called "labelling approach") as well as A. Lorenzer's conceptualization of neurotic behavior as "cliché determined." The interaction theory ignores the life-historically acquired secondary damages to the "deviant" subjects who are socially "labelled" and thus fixated, and it reduces social domination to direct social control. Lorenzer develops a dichotomy between symbol formation and symptom-formation
at the expense of the unity of psychoanalytic theory. Neurotic behavior is a special case of symbolically mediated behavior, not its antipode. Freud's drive and id theories give a better account of the indissoluble compounding of society and "inner nature."