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In a fine paper offering a combination of scholarly research and originality, Meissner nicely summarizes the patient's illness and her treatment by Breuer, delineating the differences between Breuer's and Freud's points of view. He then gives the pertinent biographical data concerning the life and achievements of Bertha Pappenheim. He agrees with Pollock's theses that much of Pappenheim's life and illness really was a form of pathological and delayed mourning. He also concludes that her deep-seated hatred of men had its origins in oedipal disappointments and in an intense sibling rivalry with a younger brother. Meissner takes us beyond the standard psychobiographical approach as he attempts a new integration of the childhood illness and later life of Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim, using the framework supplied by his point of view on the components of the paranoid process elaborated in his earlier works. This involves his ideas concerning core introjects, the projections that derive from them, and the final paranoid construction. this new way of looking at the case of Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim is enlightening and increases our understanding of her illness.