Kernberg distinguishes between psychoanalytic-uncovering methods and supportive-covering methods. The latter are employed when the former are contraindicated. Severe character disorders and borderline personalities require a psychoanalytic psychotherapy which differs from "authentic" psychoanalysis as regards the treatment strategy rather than the tactics or technique. The main task is to transform primitive transference reactions (which reflect part-object relations) into typically neurotic ones by means of interpretations. With respect to widespread misconceptions, Kernberg emphasizes that empathy is a presupposition and not a substitute for interpretive work.