Lichtenberg stresses the importance of a working concept of a cohesive sense of self in analytic work. He delineates distinctions in the development of a sense of self in normal, neurotic, narcissistic, and borderline individuals. Using clinical examples, he demonstrates how patients in the respective diagnostic categories will experience issues of self-esteem, how transferences will develop, and how empathic understanding of the level of cohesion of self enables one to make the appropriate