In the 1920's and 1930's, a series of studies by German scholars demonstrated that Homer lacked the vocabulary for designating the body or soul as a whole, but that his vocabulary was rich in words denoting parts of the body and aspects of mental functioning. From this peculiarity of Homeric diction, scholars such as Hermann Fränkel and Bruno Snell developed a theory of "Homeric psychology": "[Homer] lacks the consciousness of a unified organism… There are no indications [that Homer comprehends] the psychic in its full abstraction, in its preeminent distinctiveness from the functioning of bodily organs… Homer does not yet possess knowledge of that capacity of the mind to reflect upon