A paradigm, that body of theory which provides an outline within which the creator of the paradigm can function, is always subject to change, to distortion, and to evolution. The psychoanalytic paradigm is no exception. Rothstein's premise is that narcissistic investment of the analytic paradigm has introduced irrational factors into its evolution. He feels that narcissistic adherence to Freudian metapsychology is a defensive encrustation that limits the development of new ideas. The creator of new paradigms needs a feeling of narcissistic investment in his own self-representation rather than a tendency to idealize others' paradigms. Rothstein states that awareness of the therapeutic limits of psychoanalysis has led its practitioners to seek modifications that might yield more favorable results. Meanwhile, they have become progressively less