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Argelander has developed a method for comparing the protocols from recorded psychoanalytic interviews with the therapist's written recollections of the same sessions. He also has methods for statistical valuation of the discrepancies encountered. His focus is a purely formal view of the process of analysis. Argelander clarifies some terminology used to classify the logical relationships between various points in the texts of the protocols, terms derived from Frege's distinction between meaning and reference. A situation has sense or meaning when the motives of the individuals involved in it are understandable; it has significance or reference when it is only to be understood by means of further circumstances, leading to a thematization of the situation. Individuals function sometimes in terms of motives which give a situation a meaning that can be read only from the motives of the individual involved. A lack of understanding of some behavior determined in this fashion is termed a "gap" by Argelander. A "break" occurs when a situation has unexpected or contradictory elements and some sort of explanation becomes necessary. The break can be bridged only by verbalizing the interpretation of the situation. Argelander has developed a schema to indicate these gaps and breaks in a text. A text can have many or few gaps or breaks, depending upon the motives and aims of the person composing the text. Unambiguous information about events, for example, provides a text without breaks and gaps, while many gaps occur in texts from story-telling, writers, and psychotherapists, reflecting the multiplicity of human motivations. Argelander earlier postulated an interference function which prevents the intrusion of unconscious thematic material into the ordinary levels of communication; such intrusions occur only when the interference function is disturbed or overwhelmed, as, for example, when an unconscious theme is particularly strong. Gaps and breaks in texts, from a fo