Feiner briefly surveys the development of psychoanalytic thinking about countertransference. For Freud, countertransference was seen as a hindrance, as the "fogging of the analytic mirror." The technical injunction was to eliminate it. The notion of projective identification added a new dimension to the understanding of countertransference, since it suggested that the patient's feelings could be evoked in the analyst for adaptive and communicative as well as for defensive purposes. Sandler's concept of role-responsiveness was a further step in clarifying the nature of the contribution from patient and analyst to the analyst's experience of countertransference. Feiner discusses the papers by Caruth and Ehrenberg from a vantage point on countertransference informed by the interpersonal view of the psychoanalytic process, in which patient and analyst are constantly influencing each other in