According to Balter, the fact that the charismatic leader is extraordinary in comparison with members of the group distinguishes this type of group from others. In other groups identification with the leader is important in the group formation process. For the charismatically led group, Balter cites as evidence Redl's description of a youth group, Freud's description of ceremonials of veneration in West Africa, Deutsch's clinical description of a marriage, and Redl's description of a grade school class. The author concludes that the essential ingredients in these various charismatically led groups are viewing the leader as extraordinary and idealized, using the leader to externalize one or more superego functions, adopting a submissive, masochistic attitude toward the leader as authority, and using this member-leader relationship to resolve inner conflict.