Grubrich-Simitis attributes the "concrete" thinking of many survivors of the Holocaust and their children to the extreme trauma of the Holocaust and to the failure

of its victims to be aware of time, to differentiate inner and outer reality, or to fantasize. All aggression seems dangerous, and other experiences and feelings come to seem so too. This is transmitted to the child by incorporation: the parent's reality is identified with the interior of the child's body. The child identifies with the parent's perception and lives in fear of cruel and sadistic images and impulses. Time stops for the child; ideas of future and past are too frightening. There is fear of loss, change, and affect, but the fears are acted out. Treatment is by psychoanalysis with regression to a loss of boundaries between patient and analyst and projection of frightening thoughts and intentions upon the analyst. At length, the child's denial lifts, the patient can deal with his or her experience, and can begin to fantasize.