Psyche. XXXIX, 1985: The Mark of Oppression. An Ethno-Psychoanalytic Study of Jews and Homosexuals in a Relatively Permissive Culture. Paul Parin. Pp. 193-219.

Parin comments on the difficulties of extrapolation from individual analyses to generalizations concerning the two subcultures he cites. He reviews his own cultural background and ethno-psychoanalytic experience, and his theoretical point of view influenced by but distinct from that of Kardiner. He then makes an interesting comparison between discrimination against Jews and against homosexuals; the similarity of public and private discrimination establishes a psychological similarity between the two groups, whereas cultural and social differences lead to an ethnological disparity between the two. As an example of the similarities, Parin discusses characteristic turns and developments in the analyses of individuals from these two groups. They tended to share certain characteristics throughout their analyses. One was the belief in a putative inborn defect that doomed the analyses to failure. Another theme, in the transference, was a recurrent and obsessive oscillation around the question of whether the analyst was himself Jewish or homosexual; that is, whether he shared in the characteristics of the subculture or whether he, as an outsider, could understand the analysand. The sense of being different has great