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Lipowski uses an information processing model to schematize reactions to illness. Somatic perceptions and external information contribute to the assignment of
meaning to an illness, which may be seen as a challenge, an enemy, a loss, a relief, or a punishment. The meaning will determine the patient's coping behavior. Lipowski distinguishes two "basic cognitive coping styles": minimization, and vigilant focusing. He also identifies three "behavioral coping styles": tackling, capitulating, and avoiding the illness. These styles influence, and are influenced by, the patient's social context.