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All three authors emphasize that the roots of Freudian psychoanalysis are intertwined with Freud's turn-of-the-century European cultural heritage, while the roots of the Sullivanian interpersonal concepts are embedded in the American pragmatic tradition of the period preceding and encompassing the major Sullivanian contributions. Both Chrzanowski and Kasin trace the important influences in Sullivan's thinking, including his relationships with pioneering thinkers in modern physics, anthropology, linguistics, and sociology. Mitchell argues that the major creative and influential contributions in the "post-Freudian" era have come from the "relational/structural" model, of which Sullivan was an early exponent. Contributions from the British object relations school and from certain thinkers within the American ego psychological tradition have been heavily influenced by this model. Interpersonal psychoanalysis is seen as having arisen as a corrective for certain weaknesses of traditional drive theory, with its relative lack of emphasis on what actually went on between patient and important others in the past and what actually goes on in the present between patient and analyst. All three authors point out that mainstream psychoanalytic thinking is coming increasingly close to many of the formulations of Sullivan and of the Interpersonal school.