Positing a view of the psychoanalytic process as one in which the analyst "stand(s) as a new object" to the patient, the author distinguishes between the "real" relationship and the transference relationship. She believes that the resolution of the latter depends on the acknowledgment and development of the former. Her examples include making emotional contact with a "schizoid personality with a grandiose self-defensive structure" by moving next to him and patting him on the shoulder. Emphasizing the mutative role of identification with the therapist, she raises the question, even with respect to "the more structurally evolved patient," as to how much the real relationship provides the context within which identifications take place. She distinguishes the "real" relationship from the therapeutic alliance or the "nonobjectionable transference"; in her view, it must be cultivated, and it need not be analyzed.