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Kohut's ideas about the process of change in psychoanalysis shifted in emphasis from 1971 to 1984. Kohut postulated that change in psychoanalysis is brought about by "transmuting internalizations," a process consisting of (1) a receptivity for introjects, (2) breaking up of the psychological function of the object via optimal frustration, and (3) the depersonalization of those aspects of the object and their transformation into an integral part of the patient's structure. His emphasis in Step 3 later shifted to the substitution of direct need fulfillment, with the establishment of a "bond of empathy" between self and selfobject. This change of emphasis from "the self-contained process of depersonalization of an introject" to "the establishment of a bond of empathy between the self and selfobject" is crucial and makes the process of being understood, the bond of empathy, an intrinsic part of the process of change. Self psychologists can be divided into two groups according to how they conceptualize the crucial aspect of change: those who emphasize the explanatory-interpretative framework, and those who emphasize the patient's experience of empathy. The explanatory-interpretative group feels that optimal empathy is not itself curative but is necessary for establishing the narcissistic transferences which are then dealt with by interpretation which brings about structural change. Those in the group stressing the experience of empathy emphasize the new experience in the "selfobject transference" and the possibility of a "new beginning." These "new beginnings" are implied to be quite different from those brought about by interpretation. Just how they differ is not clearly defined.