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Horwitz notes that the views of Weiss, et al., diverge from the formulations of classical psychoanalytic theory in two important ways. They believe that unconscious guilt stems from and is proportional to an individual's perception of having harmed a family member. Classical theory holds that it is derived from a fear of punishment that is linked to oedipal wishes and that its magnitude varies with the strength of those wishes. The Weiss group tends to downplay the importance of a person's attitude about her own motives. It emphasizes the pathogenic significance of beliefs based on the patient's actual experience. The Mount Zion group has expanded our theory of unconscious guilt to deal with clinical phenomena that are unrelated to instinctual themes. We should not, however, use their postulates to explain all mental disorders. It seems best suited to clinical work with neurotic patients who have achieved a level of psychic structure in which guilt can play a central role in psychopathology. Primitive or borderline individuals lack the capacity to view themselves as responsible agents. People who suffer from a narcissistic disorder view themselves as tragic rather than as guilty.