Wallace presents an extremely condensed summary of his views on the philosophical and scientific underpinnings of psychoanalysis. He reviews the major arguments about biological versus psychological causation, clinical versus natural science language, and the philosophical status of psychoanalytic concepts such as motivation and historical determinism. His arguments contain references to the fields of philosophy, the history of science, and anthropology, as well as to empirical research concerning the psychoanalytic situation and to various competing schools of psychoanalytic theory and technique. He states his own position of "monistic multilevel, single-aspect-dual-aspect interactionalism." This article's density, in terms of concepts presented per page, limits its usefulness as summary of the author's ideas; however, it will be of use for readers looking for markers to guide them in their choice of which of the author's longer expositions of these concepts to study in more detail.