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Bucci points out two inherent oppositions in psychoanalytic research: the nature of the data, i.e., subjective representations as opposed to mutually observable events; and the conflicting role of the analyst as scientist and clinician. These oppositions demand a new approach to scientific psychoanalytic research. She discusses Freud's "Tally Argument," Grünbaum's "Necessary Condition Thesis," and Kerz's "Coherence Theory," pointing out the inadequacies of each as research methods. Freud's theory of mental representation characterized by a type of verbal-dominance model is compared to a dual-code model in which experiences are registered in either verbal or nonverbal codes. The nonverbal domain is a perceptual-motoric-emotional (PME) schema. The verbal domain is the abstract code of language and logic. Using this model, the goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to change the structure of the PME schema through verbal codes using referential links. This model allows for a reconstruction of the "Tally Argument" and significant research possibilities in the area of measuring referential activity (RA) and identifying PME structures.