The author extends Bettelheim's observation of "vagina envy" in his young male patients to male cult rituals in preliterate societies, and Hiatt's use of the term "pseudo-procreation" to refer to Aboriginal Australian rites in which either male or female reproduction is ceremonially portrayed. Shapiro compares and contrasts the male cult rituals in preliterate societies with the rituals, ideology, and behavior of the Nazis toward Jews. He argues that in Nazi theory the enhancement of life is brought about through the ritual "purifying" killing of outsiders and insiders. He argues that, for Nazis, Jews occupied the same necessary role of death polluters as premenopausal women in Aboriginal cultures.