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Schlessinger points out that a growing proportion (now one-eighth) of analytic cases have had previous psychotherapy and that this is likely to increase with the increase in psychotherapists. Discussion of conversion from psychotherapy to psychoanalysis is still hampered by problems of defining each discipline precisely. Tracing the history of the essential issues related to the process of conversion, he presents a developmental point of view that differs from the more traditional distinction of psychoanalysis as best for the interpretation of psychoneurotic conflicts centered on the oedipal phase, and psychotherapy as best for patients with earlier developmental problems. He feels that advances in analytic theory and technique regarding preoedipal developmental issues have significantly improved the ability to address "these early (developmental) derivatives interpretively in a transference context." These "early derivatives" include states of overstimulation, frantic efforts at solution, pseudomastery, and attitudes of compliance. The external form of the analytic situation (regularity and frequency of sessions, analyst's sensitivity, etc.) provides a kind of supportive psychotherapeutic effect that could obscure these dyadic issues unless one is attuned to them. Schlessinger discusses the differences and similarities of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. He emphasizes the nature of internalization as a crucial distinction between the two. In psychotherapy the internalization is of a benign, calming, pacifying, and encouraging object representation; in psychoanalysis the internalization is of a self-analytic function in coping with conflict. Schlessinger sees the former as a therapeutic patch to be avoided or undone in patients with preoedipal problems so that these issues can be dealt with interpretatively. The first phase, moving from a therapeutic alliance to an analytic alliance, is crucial when converting from psychotherapy to psychoanalysis. In his