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Pine's contribution to this panel presentation is in two parts—his discussion which follows, and his response to the discussants Greenberg and Shapiro, below. Pine notes how difficult it is to make explicit the way in which child work (a developmental perspective) affects adult work. The developmental is only one of many
perspectives analysts use. Conflict and compromise, transference, free association, and countertransference are others. Pine observes that the developmental perspective is not more basic. Nevertheless, he delineates some of its central contributions to the analysis of adults.
First, the turn to child analysis expands the psychoanalytic data base. Free association and the emergence of transference provided Freud's initial base; now, with the internalization of parental attitudes, the data of object relations comes into clearer focus; the study of ego functions, their progression with maturation and growth, and their absences or deficiencies increase our information further still. Finally, infant observations consolidate these findings and developments. Pine remarks that the three major baby-watchers, Spitz, Winnicott, and Mahler, "found it indispensable to theorize in terms of the gradual crystallization of the self, a self-other boundary and self-other tie." Encapsulating this extended data base, Pine moves to his "Four Psychologies," Drive, Ego, Object Relations, and Self, all relevant to clinical work.
Another theme is that of development as lifelong process. Developmental tasks are particular to each age and never-ending. As such, they shed light on the patient's coping style and give meaning to current enactments. Pine contrasts the child's need for a "holding environment" and for "autonomous thrust" to grow, with the requirements of the created analytic situation. The analyst's reliability and regularity provide the setting in which autonomous activity—for which the patient learns to bear responsibility—e.g., loving, hating, seduct