Eckardt reviews Fromm's attitude toward ethical decisions. Freud felt them to be largely outside the domain of analysis, and Horney and the neo-Freudians felt that ethical life would unfold naturally once neurotic obstacles were removed. Fromm did not believe that evil was simply a matter of psychopathology; nor did he think that good was simply a matter of unencumbered nature. He felt that people must be awakened to the fact that they have active ethical choices to make. In his view, living passively is not being fully alive. Fromm's views were not specifically about therapy, but Eckardt extrapolates that the moral dimension in our own and our patients' lives must be actively nurtured. That our patients grow more capable of loving, more creative, and less destructive is seen as involving moral values that we should actively encourage, rather than as byproducts of the absence of psychopathology.