In a 1926 B'nai B'rith address, Freud discussed his Jewishness by referring to "obscure emotional forces," "a clear consciousness of inner identity," and "a common mental construction." Fin de siècle Vienna was rife with anti-Semitism. Jews were considered a fixed biological race; and such adjectives as prosaic, unknowable, anxious, hysterical, and smelly were used in descriptions of the common characteristics of this "race." Part of the thesis of this paper is that Freud and his followers had internalized, and were in conflict over, these anti-Semitic attitudes. Freud certainly expressed a mixture of pride and prejudice toward his Jewishness in numerous communications. Also, although he insisted that the science of psychoanalysis was independent of race, he remained concerned that it might be impeded by a strong Jewish "spirit." He hoped that "Aryan" followers, such as Jung, would help "free" psychoanalysis. Gilman proceeds to Freud's definition of gender. It not only reflected