Melford E. Spiro, the psychoanalytic anthropologist to whom this volume is dedicated, describes his own intellectual development in exploring the relationship between culture and human nature. Spiro has done fieldwork in the Ojibwa, Ifaluk, Israeli kibbutz, and Burmese societies. From this work he has concluded, in contrast to previous anthropological theorizing, that culture is not the exclusive determinant of personality and that personality is not exclusively the internalization of culture. He argues that the Freudian structural model offers a more complex view of personality as independent of behavior and culture. He also argues that this conceptualization of aspects of personality in conflict with culture offers a fuller explanation of observable facts. He uses his research on aggression to document these assertions about a pancultural human nature.