Shelley's novel Frankenstein incorporates uncanny primitive fantasies in a mixture of the naïve and the sophisticated. It can be understood as Shelley's response to her personal history, expressing pathological mourning and attempts at self-reparation. The author, exploring themes of self-disassociation, family romance, pregnancy, and motherhood, emphasizes Shelley's "uneasy awareness of social constraints that rendered any woman's 'masculine' achievements a Promethean act of hubris or a monstrous anomaly." Pregnancy and writing can be creative attempts to repair broken relationships and replace losses. Waites concludes that writing was not a successful solution to Shelley's conflicts, and that she resorted to more conventional solutions—pregnancy and domesticity.