Kogan singles out the phenomenon of a "two level reality." She believes that the "second generation," when they are very young, in their own lives "re-enact" the parent's trauma as an "archaic, preverbal memory since they have remained unconsciously fused with an archaic object, the suffering parent." They lean on their parent's partial recovery in ordinary life, while representations of the traumatized parents may surface later. Kogan points to a distinction to be made between a persecutory facet of guilt, where the lost objects are perceived as threatening and punishing, and depressive guilt composed of "sorrow, concern for the object and the self, nostalgia and responsibility." This latter guilt (stressed by Hillel Klein) is the sign of re-entrance of the survivors into civilization. Kogan thinks that persecutory