Hallowell pioneered the idea of “behavioral evolution” and the emerging capacity of human beings for culture. He recoiled, however, from the idea of cultural evolution for a variety of reasons which form the basis of this paper. Schwartz argues against many of Hallowell's objections and proposes a study of the behavioral evolution of the human mind and personality as relevant to cultural evolution. The author advocates “an evolutionary relativism” in which cultures may be evaluated as to their status and history.