This collection of papers shows how fractal concepts can be applied in biology and medicine. Besides giving the reader a picture of the kind of applications that

can be developed for fractals, several papers address issues of pertinence to analysts. A paper by West, Zhang, and Mackey investigates whether and how we can differentiate data reflecting chaotic and fractal structure from simple “noise” in the data set. This is extremely important because many of the phenomena of chaos were discarded for decades as noise and disturbance rather than as evidence of the centrally important phenomena that they were. Weibel's “Design of Biological Organisms and Fractal Geometry” points to the way in which fractal structures can be used to deliberately design complex configuration, an idea that is easily extended to psychology. The relationship between fractals and open systems is explored in a paper by Manfred Sernetz.