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The question of how to assess the relation between inside and outside, unconscious fantasy and traumatic external influences, is one on which psychoanalysis has yet to achieve a well-defined position. To distinguish the two spheres and their relative impact, the author draws on the concepts of presentation and representation. Presentations are clearly remembered, real images of the material world without psychic working over. Representations are internalizations of earlier object relations (the presentations) overlaid by unconscious fantasies. Memories of the Holocaust are an example of presentations; sexuality with its idiosyncratic need structure is an example of representation. Oliner proceeds on the assumption that memory is dual; in the case of presentations, memory is separated off from the feeling of self, while in the case of representations, memory is integrated into a person's life history and transformed by personal constructions placed on events. In the face of naked realism and the massive traumatizations displayed by victims, it is the task of the analyst to resist developing guilt feelings, seeking instead to determine where presentations can be used for defense purposes (survival, guilt, etc.) and connected with the unconscious fantasies derived from representations.