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During the last two decades, the self-image of psychoanalysis has changed. This paper suggests that Paul Ricoeur's model of reflection
may be used to bring these changes into focus. According to Ricoeur, we may look for the subject in an archaeological glance backward, or in a teleology reaching forward. This paper considers psychoanalytic motivational theory in light of this model.
Freud stated clearly that the drive gets us going, but contemporary psychoanalysts mostly vote for affect as the principal motivating factor. Following the metapsychological sequence model (with drive at one end of the spectrum and feelings at the other), the author asserts that the drive is to be found at the archaeological end and that affect is the teleological goal. The question of affect or drive is thus described as an issue of archaeological/teleological perspectives, and Enckell states that the shift to the affect motive may be seen as the sign of a general teleological turn in psychoanalysis. To conclude, he discusses the consequences of eliminating drive from motivational theory, and proposes a dialectic that preserves both affect and drive.