Learning to be a psychoanalyst has never been easy. Admittedly, Freud, in the beginning, simply anointed those he trusted and then empowered his anointed to follow suit.1 However, over the past century, as psychoanalytic theory and clinical work grew necessarily more complex, Freud and his followers became protective and systematic with his creation. They went on to codify a more structured canon of psychoanalytic theory of mind, of psychopathology, and of analytic technique and process. Prospective analysts, apprentices as much as students, came to rely on a training analysis to provide the required discipline they needed to explore and unleash dangerous primitive drives.

Much has changed in a century. Models of psychoanalytic training were established, disseminated, challenged, and revised. What generations of psychoanalysts learn has grown much more complicated, deeply personal, and dramatically less tethered to a set of rules derived from authoritative