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As psychiatry and psychology have come under the dual onslaughts of the biological revolution and the managed care industry, those interested in the foundations of psychoanalysis have tended to split into two factions. One group emphasizes the hermeneutic core of the psychoanalytic enterprise and seeks allies in literature, art, criticism, and other “humanistic” endeavors. The other faction has reemphasized the scientific nature of psychoanalysis and has sought support for analytic concepts in empirical research.