What now appears to be a new psychoanalytic model of motivation did not begin as such. Rather it emerged slowly, barely recognized at first, out of an attempt to make sense of the chaos of theories about emotions. Most of the components of the model I shall outline have already been proposed in some form, as have most ideas about emotions and motivations. Sometimes I have merely made explicit what has been vague or implicit; at other times I have lifted concepts from other fields and put them to service in a new context. My conceptual debts are extensive, and many of them will become clear as I proceed. What is new is my arrangement of familiar pieces in an unfamiliar pattern.

I have felt encouraged to continue because, as Holt (1976) wrote, “Its theory of motivation is at once the glory of psychoanalysis and its shame. What is loosely known as the