Roy Schafer's A New Language for Psychoanalysis (1976) is an impressive and stimulating undertaking. It is an attempt to take seriously some philosophical criticisms of psychoanalysis and analyses of psychological concepts such as emotion, self-deception, the mental, action, the unconscious, and so on, and to integrate these into an original reformulation of psychoanalytic theory. Unlike most philosophers who have explored these subjects, Schafer has a profound understanding of psychoanalysis from both a clinical and theoretical standpoint.