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For since the fabric of the Universe is most perfect and the work of a most wise Creator, nothing at all takes place in the Universe in which some rule of maximum or minimum does not apply.
For the past decade psychoanalytic investigators have reacted with increasing vigor against Freud's metapsychology (e.g., Gill and Holzman, 1975). This reaction reflects a disillusionment with ego-psychological attempts to deduce and predict actual human behavior from the general psychological principles laid down by Freud. The metapsychological viewpoints were not abstracted from clinical data but rather were taken over from nineteenth-century physics and embryology. They were part of the intellectual armamentarium with which Freud both approached his data and approximated the ideal of true science which he hoped to achieve. Others attempted to be explicit about the consequence of these assumptions (e.g., Hartmann, Kris, and Loewenstein, 1964; Hartmann, 1965; Rapaport, 1967).