Psychoanalysis has been asking itself, “Are we a hermeneutical or a natural science?”1 It might be more useful to think of psychoanalysis, on the one hand, as a biological theory which, unlike others, takes full account of the fact that its subject is an organism that can speak, a capacity which affords it orders of activity that are clearly special; or on the other, as a philosophical view which, unlike others, assumes that there are minds of childhood and of psychopathology, different from but continuous with the normal, adult, conscious mind in that their thoughts are not fully speakable. Sulloway (1979) has called Freud “the biologist of the mind.” I will suggest that he was a philosopher whose view of the mind was profoundly biological.2 In Part I, I begin with Descartes' notion of the self as