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Language has always played a central role in the “talking cure.” From Freud's seminal insights into linguistic parapraxes (1900, 1904), to Lacan's thesis that the unconscious is structured like language (Lacan, , ; Leavy, 1978; Muller, 1982; Gorney, 1982), the nature of linguistic symbols has both challenged and informed psychoanalysis (eg. Edelheit, 1969; Martindale, 1975; Geets, 1975; Litowitz and Litowitz, 1977; Crapanzano, 1981; Richardson, 1982; Gorney, 1982). More globally called “semiotic” reinterpretations of psychoanalysis, these linguistic approaches include the contemporary interest in hermeneutics, which compares psychoanalysis to the exegesis of texts (Ricoeur, 1970, 1978a, 1978b; Steele, 1979; Gay, 1982; ; Gill, 1983; Schafer, 1983).
The inspiration for semiotic approaches to psychoanalysis