At the Hamburg Congress, three clinical papers were presented by authors from Germany, Argentina, and Israel, respectively, on the subject of identification and the Nazi phenomenon. The subject of identification and its vicissitudes was employed to provide a clinical theme for the Congress, and particularly a theme that would permit a theoretical point of departure for a discussion of the Nazi phenomenon. Therefore, in this panel at least, emphasis was placed on the Nazi phenomenon, and the subject of identification was given secondary importance. Of the three papers, the last two dealt with the effects of the Holocaust on its victims and survivors, and only the first paper, by Eickhoff (1986) of Tübingen, West Germany, dealt with a non-Jewish patient, the daughter of a prominent and notorious Nazi. It was this paper that promised to offer a clue to the Nazi problem. Could the psychoanalytic method,