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The 34th Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Hamburg, West Germany, in July 1985, the first return of an IPA Congress to German soil since 1932, before the Hitler era and more than a half century before, was the start of a vital and portentous turn in the confrontation of psychoanalysis—not just German psychoanalysis—with its history and with its reflection upon the abiding values of analysis and the meaning in this world of being an analyst. It was a Congress, once delayed, after the refusal of the 1977 Jerusalem IPA Congress to accept the first post-World War II invitation to a meeting in Germany, that would have been in 1981 in Berlin, the nerve center of Hitler's Reich; the 1985 Congress was a meeting in response to a second invitation, this time to Hamburg, the least Nazi of the major German cities, and an invitation not made in Jerusalem, the central city and symbol of Hitler's chief victims.
The meeting in Hamburg was fraught with both hope and