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A recent issue of Newsweek (1988) contrasts the declining number of patients undergoing traditional psychoanalysis with the continuing vigor of psychoanalysis in intellectual life today. Especially vigorous is the influence of psychoanalysis upon critical social theory. This influence is part of a tradition reaching back to the 1930s, when the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, whose leading members were Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse, turned to Freud to help explain the failure of social revolution—the failure of the proletariat to revolt, and the failure of the German working classes to resist Hitler. It was this latter project that eventually gave rise to the classic study of The Authoritarian Personality, edited by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford (1950). The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, particularly Marcuse, sought more in Freud, however, than the explanation of a failed revolution. It audaciously attempted to blend Freud with Marx, transforming Freud's theory into the foundation of a communist