Mitchell (1981) described and criticized the directive-suggestive approach to homosexuality, in which the psychoanalyst departs from the “traditional analytic position of non-directive neutrality by actively discouraging homosexual behavior and encouraging heterosexual behavior” (p. 637). The analysts who promulgated such an approach recommended exploiting the idealizing positive transference to push the patient into heterosexual behavior. They also recommended being open with their patients that this was their goal. Ovesey (1969), for example, recommended establishing with the patient at the outset that homosexuality is pathologic and is a treatable illness. Hatterer (1970) recommended what he called the “dehomosexualization process,” which included exploitation of the patient's sense of shame to