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Peter Fonagy and Mary Target's contribution, “Mentalization and the Changing Aims of Child Psychoanalysis,” is a remarkable and important article. Fonagy and Target are continuing to report on an important body of programmatic research that they and their collaborators, notably George Moran and Miriam and Howard Steele, have been producing for more than a decade (Fonagy, 1991; Kennedy and Moran, 1991; Fonagy, Steele, et al., 1993; Fonagy et al., 1995; Fonagy and Target, 1995; Fonagy and Target, 1996). Their work is a part of a broad effort within psychoanalysis to integrate modern developmental research and thought into the psychoanalytic theory of development (Stern, 1985; Lyons-Ruth, 1991; Silverman, 1991; Slade and Aber, 1992; Diamond and Blatt, 1994; Main, 1995; Osofsky, 1995; Mayes and Cohen, 1996; Beebe, Lachmann, and Jaffe, 1997). Fonagy and Target provide us with an integrative article of the highest caliber: It pulls together a number of seemingly disparate ideas and findings and unites them in an overall conception of intensive treatment; its mode