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Background: Healthy interpersonal functioning, and a reduction of the distress associated with maladaptive interpersonal behavior, is a focus of treatment for personality disorder (PD). Patients with PD are also known to make a preferential use of immature defenses. We examined change in interpersonal problems as a critical outcome, and defense style as a predictor of this outcome.
Methods: Consecutively admitted patients to a group-oriented day treatment (DT) program were recruited (N = 32). Predictor variables were represented by subscale scores from the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40); outcomes were represented by the global distress and interpersonal octant scores from the 64-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C).
Results: Significant inverse correlations were observed between Neurotic defenses and change in both interpersonal distress and problems associated with the Vindictive, Cold, Socially Inhibited, and Non-Assertive octants. Partial correlations, adjusting for baseline IIP-C scores, remained significant. Additional inverse relations between Neurotic defenses and improvement in the Domineering, Exploitable, and Overly Nurturant octants also emerged in the partial correlation analysis.
Discussion: Neurotic defenses are oriented to “splitting off” the affective element of experience; in the case of patients with PD, this affective element may often involve hostility. An orientation to use of Neurotic defenses also appears to be more trait-like and thus resistant to change. The findings highlight developing
Anthony S. Joyce, Ph.D., Clinical Professor and Director, Edmonton Psychotherapy Research and Evaluation Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta.
Laura E. Stovel, M.D., F.R.C.P. (C), Associate Professor; Director, Residency Training Program; and Clinical Coordinator, Psychiatric Day Treatment Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta.
John S. Ogrodniczuk, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Psychotherapy Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia.
Esther Fujiwara, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta.
skill in affective communication, and addressing maladaptive interpersonal behaviors in the here-and-now, as mechanisms of therapeutic change in DT of patients with PD.
Limitations: The sample was small and assessment of defense style and interpersonal problems relied on patient self-report.